Chapter 1 Phosphorus | | 1 | (9) |
| 1.1 Phosphorus the Non-metal? |
| | 1 | (1) |
| 1.2 The Discovery of Phosphorus |
| | 2 | (1) |
| 1.3 Oxidation States of Phosphorus |
| | 3 | (1) |
| | 4 | (3) |
| 1.5 Will Phosphorus ever Run Out? |
| | 7 | (1) |
| 1.6 Phosphorus Extraction and "Green Chemistry" |
| | 8 | (1) |
| | 8 | (1) |
| | 9 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Iron | | 10 | (9) |
| 2.1 Journey to the Centre of the Earth |
| | 10 | (1) |
| | 11 | (1) |
| | 12 | (1) |
| 2.4 Our Iron-clad Civilization |
| | 13 | (1) |
| 2.5 The Versatility of Iron Chemistry |
| | 13 | (1) |
| 2.6 Iron and the Great Oxidation Event |
| | 13 | (1) |
| 2.7 Some Iron Compounds: Mohr's Salt |
| | 14 | (1) |
| 2.8 Iron at the Centre of Things Again |
| | 15 | (2) |
| 2.9 Global Warming! Iron Comes to the Rescue? |
| | 17 | (1) |
| 2.10 Conclusions: Iron and Mars |
| | 17 | (1) |
| | 18 | (1) |
Chapter 3 Nitrogen | | 19 | (9) |
| 3.1 Nitrogen: Life-limiting Element |
| | 19 | (1) |
| | 20 | (1) |
| | 21 | (1) |
| 3.4 The Law of Constant Composition |
| | 22 | (1) |
| 3.5 Producing Nitric Oxide (NO) |
| | 22 | (1) |
| | 23 | (1) |
| 3.7 He who Laughs Last... |
| | 23 | (1) |
| | 23 | (1) |
| | 24 | (1) |
| 3.10 Nitrogen: Stable Element, Reactive Compounds |
| | 25 | (1) |
| 3.11 Molecule of the 20th Century? |
| | 26 | (1) |
| | 27 | (1) |
| | 27 | (1) |
Chapter 4 Sulfur | | 28 | (11) |
| | 28 | (1) |
| | 29 | (1) |
| 4.3 Sulfur in the Earth's Crust |
| | 30 | (1) |
| | 31 | (1) |
| | 32 | (2) |
| 4.6 Sodium Thiosulfate: A Useful Analyte |
| | 34 | (1) |
| | 35 | (1) |
| | 36 | (1) |
| 4.9 Sulfur: A Role in Getting Life Started? |
| | 36 | (1) |
| 4.10 Sulfur and Hydrothermal Vents |
| | 37 | (1) |
| | 38 | (1) |
| | 38 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Calcium | | 39 | (10) |
| 5.1 Dalton's Symbol for Lime |
| | 40 | (1) |
| | 41 | (1) |
| 5.3 Extraction of Calcium |
| | 42 | (1) |
| 5.4 Identifying Calcium from its Atomic Emission Spectrum |
| | 42 | (1) |
| 5.5 Calcium, Cement and Concrete |
| | 43 | (1) |
| 5.6 Hard Water, Scum and Scale |
| | 44 | (2) |
| | 44 | (1) |
| 5.6.2 How Hard is Your Water? |
| | 45 | (1) |
| 5.6.3 Quantifying Calcium Ions in Solution |
| | 45 | (1) |
| 5.7 Limestone and Soil pH Regulation |
| | 46 | (1) |
| 5.8 Calcium's Biological Role |
| | 46 | (2) |
| 5.8.1 Intracellular Calcium |
| | 47 | (1) |
| 5.8.2 Calcium is there at the Very Beginning of life... |
| | 48 | (1) |
| | 48 | (1) |
| | 48 | (1) |
Chapter 6 Lead | | 49 | (10) |
| | 50 | (1) |
| | 51 | (1) |
| | 52 | (1) |
| | 53 | (1) |
| | 53 | (1) |
| | 54 | (1) |
| | 54 | (1) |
| 6.7 The Lead-acid Accumulator Battery |
| | 54 | (1) |
| 6.8 Lead Isotopes and the Age of the Earth |
| | 55 | (1) |
| | 55 | (2) |
| 6.10 Lead Poisoning: Some more Biochemistry |
| | 57 | (1) |
| | 58 | (1) |
| | 58 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Lithium | | 59 | (10) |
| 7.1 Lithium and Magnesium: A Diagonal Relationship |
| | 59 | (1) |
| | 60 | (1) |
| 7.3 The Electrochemistry of Lithium |
| | 61 | (3) |
| | 64 | (1) |
| 7.5 Lithium Compounds in Organic Synthesis |
| | 65 | (1) |
| 7.6 Apollo 13: Lithium Hydroxide to the Rescue |
| | 66 | (1) |
| 7.7 Lithium: "Like Walking on the Bottom of the Ocean" |
| | 67 | (1) |
| | 68 | (1) |
| | 68 | (1) |
Chapter 8 Iodine | | 69 | (7) |
| 8.1 A New Element from Seaweed |
| | 69 | (1) |
| 8.2 Testing for Iodine with Starch |
| | 70 | (1) |
| 8.3 Extracting Iodine from Seaweed |
| | 71 | (1) |
| | 72 | (1) |
| | 72 | (1) |
| 8.5 Iodine and Radioactivity |
| | 73 | (1) |
| | 74 | (1) |
| 8.7 Iodine, kelp and the Climate |
| | 75 | (1) |
| | 75 | (1) |
| | 75 | (1) |
Chapter 9 Copper | | 76 | (10) |
| | 77 | (1) |
| 9.2 Venus, Goddess of Love (and Copper) |
| | 78 | (1) |
| | 79 | (1) |
| | 80 | (1) |
| 9.5 Copper, Redox Reactions and the Concept of Free Energy |
| | 81 | (2) |
| 9.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Determining Enthalpy of Reaction |
| | 81 | (1) |
| | 81 | (2) |
| 9.6 Copper and Biochemistry |
| | 83 | (2) |
| 9.6.1 Copper as a Micronutrient |
| | 84 | (1) |
| | 85 | (1) |
| | 85 | (1) |
Chapter 10 Fluorine | | 86 | (10) |
| | 87 | (1) |
| | 88 | (1) |
| 10.3 Determining the Bond Enthalpy of F2 using a Born-Haber Cycle |
| | 89 | (1) |
| | 89 | (1) |
| 10.5 Organofluorine Compounds |
| | 90 | (1) |
| 10.6 Noroxacin: An Antibiotic of Last Resort? |
| | 91 | (1) |
| | 92 | (1) |
| 10.7.1 Inertness can be a Problem |
| | 92 | (1) |
| 10.8 The Effect of Fluorine on pKa |
| | 93 | (1) |
| | 93 | (1) |
| | 94 | (1) |
| 10.11 19F Atoms can give Rise to an NMR Spectrum |
| | 94 | (1) |
| 10.12 Some Microbes can Metabolize Organofluorines |
| | 95 | (1) |
| | 95 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Aluminium | | 96 | (8) |
| 11.1 Aluminium: Period Three's Odd Man Out |
| | 97 | (1) |
| 11.2 Aluminium Extraction |
| | 97 | (2) |
| | 98 | (1) |
| 11.3 Cleaning your Silverware with Aluminium Foil |
| | 99 | (1) |
| | 100 | (1) |
| 11.5 Molecules with Aluminium |
| | 100 | (1) |
| 11.6 Aluminium and its Alloys |
| | 101 | (1) |
| 11.7 The Thermite Reaction |
| | 101 | (1) |
| 11.8 Is Aluminium Harmful? |
| | 102 | (1) |
| | 103 | (1) |
Chapter 12 Hydrogen | | 104 | (10) |
| 12.1 Hydrogen: A Unique Element |
| | 105 | (1) |
| 12.2 Solving the Sun's Energy Problem |
| | 105 | (1) |
| 12.3 Hydrogen Production and Usage |
| | 106 | (2) |
| 12.4 Water and the Development of Chemistry |
| | 108 | (1) |
| 12.5 Water and the pH Scale |
| | 109 | (2) |
| | 111 | (1) |
| | 111 | (2) |
| | 113 | (1) |
| | 113 | (1) |
Chapter 13 Chlorine | | 114 | (10) |
| 13.1 Chlorine: A Member of Group VII, the Halogens |
| | 115 | (1) |
| 13.2 Preparation of Chlorine |
| | 115 | (1) |
| 13.3 Chlorine in the Prevention of Infection |
| | 116 | (1) |
| 13.4 Chlorine and Water Sterilization |
| | 117 | (1) |
| 13.5 Chlorate I (or Hypochlorite) |
| | 118 | (1) |
| 13.6 Chlorine's Isotopic Signature |
| | 119 | (1) |
| 13.7 Chlorine-based Medicines and the Treatment of Cancer |
| | 120 | (1) |
| 13.8 Some more Chlorine-containing Molecules |
| | 120 | (1) |
| 13.9 Chloride Ions and the Cell |
| | 121 | (1) |
| | 122 | (1) |
| | 123 | (1) |
Chapter 14 Zinc | | 124 | (9) |
| 14.1 Zinc: 'd' block yes, Transition Metal no |
| | 125 | (1) |
| | 125 | (1) |
| 14.3 Zinc: Abundance and Extraction |
| | 126 | (1) |
| | 126 | (1) |
| 14.4 Zinc and the Voltaic Pile |
| | 127 | (2) |
| 14.4.1 Humphrey Davy and the Voltaic Pile |
| | 128 | (1) |
| 14.4.2 The Voltaic Pile and Its Impact on Neuroscience |
| | 129 | (1) |
| | 129 | (1) |
| | 129 | (2) |
| 14.7 Zinc Alkaline Electrochemical Cells |
| | 131 | (1) |
| 14.8 Zinc: Galvanizing and the Sacricial Anode |
| | 131 | (1) |
| 14.9 Some Zinc Biochemistry |
| | 131 | (1) |
| | 132 | (1) |
| | 132 | (1) |
Chapter 15 Mercury | | 133 | (8) |
| | 134 | (1) |
| | 134 | (1) |
| | 135 | (1) |
| 15.4 Mercury II Oxide and the Birth of Modern Chemistry |
| | 135 | (1) |
| 15.5 Mercury and the Castner-Kellner Process |
| | 136 | (2) |
| | 138 | (1) |
| 15.7 Mercury: Poison or Cure? |
| | 138 | (1) |
| | 139 | (1) |
| | 140 | (1) |
| | 140 | (1) |
Chapter 16 Manganese | | 141 | (8) |
| 16.1 Manganese and Redox Chemistry |
| | 141 | (2) |
| 16.1.1 Redox Titrations Involving Manganate VII |
| | 142 | (1) |
| 16.2 Manganese and Biogeochemical Cycles |
| | 143 | (1) |
| 16.3 Some more Redox Reactions of Manganese Ions in Solution |
| | 144 | (1) |
| 16.4 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen: The Winkler Titration |
| | 145 | (1) |
| 16.5 Some more Useful Manganese Compounds |
| | 146 | (1) |
| 16.6 Manganese and the Evolution of Photosynthesis |
| | 147 | (1) |
| | 147 | (2) |
Chapter 17 Oxygen | | 149 | (9) |
| 17.1 Oxygen Above and Below |
| | 150 | (1) |
| 17.2 Oxygen: The First Global Pollutant |
| | 151 | (1) |
| 17.3 The "Discovery" of Oxygen |
| | 152 | (1) |
| 17.4 Oxygen: "Acid Former" |
| | 153 | (1) |
| 17.5 Oxygen and the Ozone Layer |
| | 154 | (1) |
| 17.6 Oxygen in Organic Chemistry |
| | 155 | (1) |
| 17.7 Reactive Oxygen Species |
| | 156 | (1) |
| | 157 | (1) |
| | 157 | (1) |
Chapter 18 Carbon | | 158 | (10) |
| 18.1 Carbon: Limitless Potential |
| | 159 | (2) |
| 18.2 Spectroscopic Analysis |
| | 161 | (1) |
| 18.3 Carbon Chemistry and Optical Isomerism |
| | 161 | (1) |
| 18.4 Vitalism and Organic Chemistry |
| | 162 | (1) |
| 18.5 From Organic Chemistry to Biochemistry |
| | 162 | (1) |
| | 163 | (1) |
| 18.7 Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans |
| | 164 | (1) |
| 18.8 Buffering the Oceans |
| | 165 | (1) |
| 18.9 Buffering the Blood: Carbonic Anhydrases |
| | 165 | (1) |
| 18.10 Carbon Isotopes and Life's Signature |
| | 166 | (1) |
| | 167 | (1) |
| | 167 | (1) |
Answers | | 168 | (58) |
Subject Index | | 226 | |